New Testament Essay Example for Free

New Testament Essay The book of Romans has been hailed by many as one of the most important books of the New Testament. The reason is obvious: aside from the fact that theologians and famous reformers constantly refer to it as one major source of fundamental theological truths, it is a great thesis of the Apostle Paul on salvation. Martin Luther has aptly said that â€Å"it (the book of Romans) is the gospel according to Paul. † And indeed, what a clear statement it is of the gospel. If one would venture on grasping the gospel message, it would be best to start in Romans. The book is inclusive in its scope of treatment as to the redemptive plan of God. From the first chapter to the eleventh, the apostle scrupulously touched every area/issue that went through his mind that he assumed were the questions arising along as he was discussing the different topics that were all related to salvation. He did not leave a stone unturned in this book. Why salvation is universally needed? He covered everything what that question entails in chapters 1-3. If the question is about the nature of justification – how does God justifies sinners – the treatment to that is well laid in chapters 4-5. In chapter 6, Paul answers a â€Å"supposed objection† by the critic who says, â€Å"If grace has abounded all the more because of sin, then, let us continue in sin to give God more reason to shower us with His grace. † Paul’s answer to this is, one who has died to sin cannot live any longer in sin. True Christians have been buried through baptism and were raised in newness of life with Christ. They have participated in Christ’s death and resurrection by faith. And so, Paul’s argument is: â€Å"How can those who have this new life in them by the abiding presence of the Holy Spirit live still in sin? † In the next chapter (Rom. 7), Paul presented a life of struggle which is practically true of every Christian. But nevertheless, according to him, in spite of the reality and intensity of the struggle, victory is every time guaranteed; for even in the hopelessness of the case because of total depravity, Jesus Christ the Lord is the Christian’s justifier and vindicator before God (Bruce, 1985). Besides, said Paul, â€Å"there is now no condemnation† for those who are counted to be â€Å"in Christ. † The flow of the argument runs smoothly in Romans as the reader continues the reading through chapter eight, nine, ten, and eleven. Life in the Spirit is described, and how those who have the Spirit of Christ live their lives as â€Å"sons of God. † It would be impossible for Paul that Christians who have been born of the Spirit shall ever lose the battle in the end, since, according to him, even God â€Å"did not spare His own Son† for the salvation of His elect. How would He allow that petty incidentals such as those Paul have listed in Romans 8:35 abort the consummation of salvation for God’s elect? The climax of Paul’s argument reached its height when in chapter eleven he exclaimed with a doxology his praise, surrender, and awe, of the â€Å"depths† and the â€Å"unsearchableness† of God’s wisdom, knowledge, and judgments. The book of Romans is comprehensive in that it did not leave the issue about God’s Old Covenant people – the Jewish people. Aside from the rebuke that Paul has directed to those Jews who prided themselves of possessing the law and therefore â€Å"instructed† in it and in the position of â€Å"tutors† and â€Å"teachers† in chapter two, he allotted a lengthy portion on the issue of Israel in chapters nine to eleven. After having treated the dilemma of God’s people well and completely by pointing out their proper place in the economy of God in the end times in the church with the Gentile believers, Paul then devoted the remaining chapters – chapters 12-16 – to exhortation challenging the Roman Christians (which actually was composed of Jewish and Gentile believers) to live in a manner that befits those who are truly elected to be in God’s family. This, in simplified form, is the entirety of Romans. However, as magnificent and holistic as the treatment of Apostle Paul was to all of the issues involved in salvation, nothing is more fundamental than what he elucidated in chapter five when he compared Adam with Christ. It is at this point that he actually made clear the real situation of the rest of humanity. He delineated humankind in two groups alone: those who are â€Å"in Adam† and those who are â€Å"in Christ. † The presumption is that every person that is born and living in this planet is a descendant of Adam. Adam was the first human being, and as the first man, he was set as the federal head of the rest of all humanity. This, in and of itself, has nothing that any person should be alarmed about, until the issue of Adam’s standing with God as to terms of his covenant with God is touched. Adam fell into sin when as the head of his wife he consented to the temptation into which she was lured and deceived by the serpent. Because of this Fall into which Adam together with his wife fell, all of humanity, according to the Apostle, is in a state of total depravity. â€Å"All have sinned,† was Paul’s assessment borrowing his appraisal of humanity from several passages of the Old Testament Scriptures. The solution to this helpless and hopeless condition of man is only the gospel – the message of salvation which God offers in Jesus Christ. God is now offering His righteousness that will justify a person before the strict and perfect demands of His holiness. The gospel whenever proclaimed presents to every individual the perfect righteousness which alone can free man of his moral and spiritual bankruptcy as well as his eternal liability can be found in the person of Jesus Christ alone (Escalona, 2008). What follows is an elaboration of the gospel according to Apostle Paul based on some of the key verses in the first chapter of Romans. The Descendants of Adam Paul dug deep into the very roots of the problem of humanity. He was consumed by the thought of man’s condition as it was viewed from the vantage point of God. For Paul, man’s troubles were all traceable to sin. In the first chapter, God is introduced as an angry God whose wrath is evidently manifested in the heavens against â€Å"all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men. † God alone is righteous, He is the standard of true righteousness, and therefore, He stands opposed to any form of unrighteousness. The reason why people most of the time misunderstand this matter of being right before God is because the overruling idea of being right depends on whether one’s reputation in the community is acceptable or not. In other words, nowadays, one’s culture is the determinant of ethics and hence the judge, and not God who is the perfect Judge. This is where the man of today always fails. It has been like this ever since the Fall. And what is this but failure that had been passed from Adam to the succeeding generations after him to the present, and it will be as it is till the last of the human species. By the way, this is not a mere â€Å"failure† on the part of man. Under this condition, man is in sin and God holds him accountable. Since this sin came from Adam, the very quality of it is distrust on the character of God. It does not trust on the goodness of God but questions His intentions and design. The reason why Eve disobeyed was that she entertained and made room for other thoughts than just think of God as kind and generous and thinks only of what is perfectly best for the them (Adam Eve). This same misgiving on the character of God is built in within the human frame, and so every one is under the same transgression against God, and this is what theologians call original sin and it is inherited from Adam. If one is to understand all of the toils, struggles, and problems connected to life in general, one has to reckon sin as the cause of all these troubles. And if Christians still struggle with the problem of the presence of sin, the best way to start is to understand where this sin problem came from. Since sin’s power is a nagging reality to the disciple of Christ, it has to be understood in terms of why it has gotten to man’s system. And so, Adam, right away, comes into the scene as Paul proceeds to start all over again from where it all began – Adam’s fall. The â€Å"one man† that the apostle was referring to was Adam. His decision to partake of Eve’s disobedience was sin; and it was that very act itself which also introduced sin into the world where previously it was absent – and with it, death – was the sin with which he violated God’s command (DeLashmutt, 2008). The immediate consequence of sin is death. Paul’s emphasis at this point is not only the fact of death as the punishment for sin, but that sin and death not only had affected Adam but the rest of humankind after him. This is the argument of Apostle Paul in Romans 5:12-21. From this condition the gospel offers freedom and acquittal. This is called justification – the act of God by which He acquits sinners through the imparted righteousness of Christ. This is also what Paul means in the expression the â€Å"righteousness of God. † It cannot be acquired through one’s fleshly endeavors but by simply putting one’s faith in the finished and perfect work of Christ. All those who have thrusted all of the full weight of the sin problem to Jesus (who is the only propitiation for sin) are those whom the gospel categorized as those who are â€Å"in Christ. † They have the perfect righteousness of Christ on their account, and God see them in Christ. On the other hand, all of those who opt to, along with Christ, make use of other means – tradition, religion, the law, etc. – rather than on Christ alone, these are reckoned as descendants of Adam. By the way, no man was ever born automatically â€Å"in Christ. † The contrary is true. Every man was born automatically â€Å"in Adam† because every one descended from Adam physically. Jesus said, â€Å"That which is born of the flesh is flesh, and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit† (Jn. 3:6). What Jesus meant by these words was: spiritual birth does not come along with physical birth. Every man needs to experience spiritual birth because this is how one is born into the kingdom of God. Paul alludes to this in his letters. One of those is in Romans 5:12-21. In 1 Corinthians 15:48, he said: â€Å"As was the man of dust (Adam), so also are those (Adam’s descendants) who are made of dust; and as is the heavenly Man (Jesus Christ), so also are those (those who are in Christ through faith) who are heavenly. † The Gospel 1. ) God’s Good News (Rom. 1:1). Paul was â€Å"separated to the gospel of God. † This means, according to Newell, God’s special call on Paul to be an apostle. He compared this â€Å"separation† to the cases of those holy men of Old and New Testament who had had the same separation to their specific tasks in the unveiling of God’s redemptive plan. This kind of setting apart, always in each case, began in the mother’s womb. In Paul’s case, it was a calling to be an apostle to the Gentiles – to proclaim the gospel to the Gentiles. The gospel is â€Å"God’s good news,† Newell emphasized. Indeed, it was God who initiated to express His love to mankind. Humanity was in sin when God sent His own Son to die so that a perfect sacrifice could be provided for the salvation of His elect. â€Å"For when we were still without strength,† Paul told the Romans, â€Å"in due time Christ died for the ungodly. † 2. ) The Gospel Has its Roots in the Old Testament Scriptures (Rom. 1:1-2). The promises of the Old Testament scriptures pertain to the coming One – the Messiah – who would be a personification of the â€Å"righteousness of God. † The law and the sacrifices in the Temple of Moses all point to the reality of man’s need of redemption. The prophets speak of a time when righteousness would become a reality among God’s people. The Savior would make many righteous, and faith would characterize their life. 3. ) The Gospel is About Christ (Rom. 1:3-4). The gospel is called â€Å"good news† because it tells of God’s deliverance. Apart from the gospel there would be no salvation for man. Israel, until now, would be dependent on sacrificial system and the Gentiles, being deprived of the Old Testament’s God sanctioned ceremonies and promises would remain outside of God’s covenant. Since the gospel is about Christ, it should be understood for what it says about the person and work of Christ. Who is this Christ? What is his nature? What did his life, death, and resurrection accomplished that people should know and believe? These are questions that need to be answered in the gospel. Because the gospel’s message is all about Christ, it follows that he is the sole solution to humanity’s broken relationship with God. In fact, there is no other way of salvation besides Christ (Newell). 4. ) The Gospel Teaches and Results in â€Å"Obedience† Among the Nations (Rom. 1:5). Contrary to the accusations of Paul’s critics, his teaching of the grace of God in the gospel produces genuine obedience to those who believe. If one received grace, service will definitely follow as a result. In verse 8, the effect and outworking of the grace of God as it was released through the gospel in the lives of the Roman Christians, was obedience. Their faith was being â€Å"spoken of† throughout the world. They had become obedient and followed the teachings of Christ. 5. ) It is the Power of God unto Salvation (Rom. 1:16). This truth must be kept in mind by all Christians. There is no other instrument that God employs in the saving of the souls of men but the gospel. There are pressures to yield to the styles of the world. For sure, Paul was tempted to employ humanistic wisdom during his time in Corinth. As he attested to the Christians at Philippi, he had reasons to boast, humanly speaking. He said: â€Å"What things were gain to me, I have counted loss for Christ† (Phil. 3:7). And yet, to the Corinthians he said: â€Å"I determined not to know anything among you except Jesus Christ and Him crucified† (1 Cor. 2:2). It’s the same as what he told the Romans: â€Å"For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ. † The reason for his uninhibited and unashamed proclamation of the gospel is, because â€Å"it is the power of God unto salvation. † Reference: 1. ) Bruce, FF. 1985. Romans, Inter-Varsity Press, 38 De Montfort Street, Leicester LE1 7GP, England. 2. ) DeLashmutt, Gary. 2008. 1340 Community Park Dr. , Columbus OH 43229 (614) 823-6500. [emailprotected] org 3. ) Escalona, Alan. 2008. The Way Christian Ministry Sunday Sermon Manuscript, Iligan City 9200, Phils. 4. ) Newell, William R. Romans Verse by Verse.

Gay and Lesbian Liberation Essay example -- Homosexuality

Generations ago, the United States was a country of the male wardrobe. Today's movements for the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community are leveraging the existence of more globalized and open systems. Besides, the promotion of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender population have been acknowledged through smart partnerships within conventional, political and economic scene, while the males and heterosexuals are still pervasive. This paper will focus on the oppression of the LGBT population denying their human rights. However, at the same token showing their struggle to ultimately be accepted in society to some degree will be addressed as well. The gay and Lesbian liberation movement presented the later involvement of the bisexual and transgendered groups. This was considered a significant social force that introduced the reality of this culture during the last several decades. Fortunately, the individuals who had been profoundly isolated from traditional sources gained some support. The sources entail family members, friends and communities. Unfortunately, the LGBT population encountered harsh treatment by their oppressors, as many people were against their way of life. Many of these LGBT individuals were terrorized by other individuals, which also resulted in death. A controversial issues regarding the LGBT population, particularly gays and lesbian has been their privilege to be married. Homosexuality was decriminalized in most states in the Americas. However, homosexuality remains criminally punishable in Guyana, to Belize and part of Caribbean islands (in Jamaica, in Dominica in Saint Lucia, in Barbados, in St. Vi ncent and the Grenadines in Grenada, in Trinidad and Tobago to Antigua a... ...tudies from 1978–2000. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology vol. 43 pp. 335–351 Bawer, Bruce (1993) A Place at the Table: The Gay Individual in American Society. New York: Touchstone Books Boswell, J. (1994). Same-sex unions in pre-modern Europe. New York: Villard. Dexter, P. (2003). Countering the counterfeit: A case for traditional marriage. . Miller, A. V. (2000). â€Å"Our own voices: a directory of lesbian and gay periodicals, 1890s-2000s†, Canadian Gay and Lesbian Archives: http:/ / www.clga.ca One, Inc. v. Olesen, 355 U.S. 371 Rasmussen, M. and Kenway, J. (2004), â€Å"Queering the youthful cyberflaneur Globalizing identities, consuming queers: Issues in education and globalization†, Journal of Gay and Lesbian Issues in Education vol. 2 no. (1). pp. 47–63. Streitmatter, R. (1995). â€Å"Unspeakable: The rise of the gay and lesbian press in America†, Boston: Faber & Faber

PHILOSOPHY of COUNSELING

Clinical psychology focus SE on the intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social, and behavioral aspect s of human injunction across the life span, in varying cultures, and at all socioeconomic I bevel† (Todd & Aboard, 1999, peg. 5). In my philosophy I do believe this to be true among other things. I believe the Bible to be my main source of truth. View of Human Nature With any philosophy we have to start at the beginning of the nature of people and their disorders. Why are people the way they are? Is it nature or nurture?I believe we do not s tart out as a â€Å"blank slate. † We are all born with specific genes and attributes that are unique to us. We are all individuals unique in our own ways. However our experiences mature and SSH ape us for good or for bad. Think about life as a poker game and in your hand are the cards you have been dealt. You were given the cards and how you play the game or your â€Å"experiences† d determine the outcome. Mor ality and values are not subjective sets of ideas that vary from p resin to person, or even culture to culture.Rather, they are determined by Someone who is above e the created realm and gives them to all whom are created. This â€Å"Someone† gives you the cards. Without being given these basic values and morals utter chaos would reign in the world. In t he Bible Jesus says â€Å"For out of the heart come evil thoughts, murders, adulteries, fornication's, the bets, false witness, slanders. † (Matthew 1 5:19, NASA) This obviously points to the fact that our he arts are the central problem in addressing the behaviors and actions of our lives. In the Bi blew we also get a clear picture of the condition of the human being.Romans 3:23 says â€Å"All have sinned and fall short of the glory of God† (NASA). The logical implication is that one who has s mined (defined as a thought, action upon a thought, or behavior that is against the character ND perfection of God's ch aracter) is called a â€Å"sinner†. Because we have all sinned we can not ex prurience the life God intended us to live. Our sin separates us from God and therefore is the r 80th issue in our lives. Not every struggle is a result of personal sin though. If a client were ABA seed, traumatized, rejected, neglected, etc. The sin is not theirs but the results of someone else's sin plays out in their life. Many people need counseling because of the sins of others, entrust their own. Our behaviors and actions flow directly from our sinful thoughts, actions, and series. If someone were to live their life on a deserted island and never have any human contact they would still have the propensity and desire to be greedy, lustful, prideful, and o there things that go directly against the character of God. Society and our environment do not diet ermine our actions as much as our own inward distorted desires.The root issue is a heart problem m, not one of needing just a â€Å"behavioral adjustment† to correct the actions. When clients co me to counseling because they are struggling with something that is a result of someone else's sin the direction and Ochs is still on their need for a Savior to give them the inner ability to have the e strength, patience, forgiveness, and healing to move forward in their life. Therapist/Client Relationship My role as a therapist, is to lift the fallen, restore the broken, and to heal the h rutting. Am not there to judge or â€Å"pick sides. We were created for relationships. In order for a therapist to have the type of relationship with the client that allows them to challenge the client they need to be perceived as open, attentive, willing to be challenged, a listener, fair, friend lye, firm, and trusting. A great client/ counselor relationship is not totally essential to change occurring in the life of a client, but it is very important. I should be able to empathic with the client, teach them coping mechanisms, and offer a different perspective or insight as to what the e issue might be.The client should not rely on me solely as the fix all to any problem. The there pips assists the client in identifying dysfunctional beliefs. The counselor also discovers alternate dive rules for living for the client. The therapist acts as the teacher and teaches new abilities and skills to the client. The client understands their problem better and practice changing self defeating ways, such as, acting and thinking. In this way, it is important to maintain a truthful, secure, confident relationship between the client and the helper to be effective.The essential o objective is for change to occur; the change could be an environmental change, specific behave viral change, change in thinking identifying and awareness. Strengths and Weaknesses as a Therapist like to think I'm good at seeing the â€Å"big picture. † If you are able to take a step back and look at life this way you don't worry about trivial thin gs as much because you hen realize that they don't matter in the big scheme of things. As a therapist could then be a blew to help teach my clients to do the same. Would teach them to focus on the big picture rather t Han trivial details.One thing that I will have to work on is not giving advice. My friends come to me for advice right now and its really hard to break that habit. I've started to take myself oh t of the situation and offer guidelines that could help them in the situation because don't wan t them to depend on me and the same goes for my future clients. I want to be a Marriage and Fame Ii Therapist and I'm not married, nor do I have a family of my own. Some people could see this as a problem because I don't know specifically know the situation.However do empathic with people and can relate to them in other areas. I would also explain to them then that even if I were married I still wouldn't know the exact situation because every situation is different and unique to that individual. Conclusion My philosophy of counseling beings with the fact that all of humanity has intro NCSC value. The ideal counseling situation would be one where a client is able to see a love Eng relationship dolled between the counselor and the client in such a way that they being t o desire to know more about God. PHILOSOPHY of COUNSELING Clinical psychology focus SE on the intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social, and behavioral aspect s of human injunction across the life span, in varying cultures, and at all socioeconomic I bevel† (Todd & Aboard, 1999, peg. 5). In my philosophy I do believe this to be true among other things. I believe the Bible to be my main source of truth. View of Human Nature With any philosophy we have to start at the beginning of the nature of people and their disorders. Why are people the way they are? Is it nature or nurture?I believe we do not s tart out as a â€Å"blank slate. † We are all born with specific genes and attributes that are unique to us. We are all individuals unique in our own ways. However our experiences mature and SSH ape us for good or for bad. Think about life as a poker game and in your hand are the cards you have been dealt. You were given the cards and how you play the game or your â€Å"experiences† d determine the outcome. Mor ality and values are not subjective sets of ideas that vary from p resin to person, or even culture to culture.Rather, they are determined by Someone who is above e the created realm and gives them to all whom are created. This â€Å"Someone† gives you the cards. Without being given these basic values and morals utter chaos would reign in the world. In t he Bible Jesus says â€Å"For out of the heart come evil thoughts, murders, adulteries, fornication's, the bets, false witness, slanders. † (Matthew 1 5:19, NASA) This obviously points to the fact that our he arts are the central problem in addressing the behaviors and actions of our lives. In the Bi blew we also get a clear picture of the condition of the human being.Romans 3:23 says â€Å"All have sinned and fall short of the glory of God† (NASA). The logical implication is that one who has s mined (defined as a thought, action upon a thought, or behavior that is against the character ND perfection of God's ch aracter) is called a â€Å"sinner†. Because we have all sinned we can not ex prurience the life God intended us to live. Our sin separates us from God and therefore is the r 80th issue in our lives. Not every struggle is a result of personal sin though. If a client were ABA seed, traumatized, rejected, neglected, etc. The sin is not theirs but the results of someone else's sin plays out in their life. Many people need counseling because of the sins of others, entrust their own. Our behaviors and actions flow directly from our sinful thoughts, actions, and series. If someone were to live their life on a deserted island and never have any human contact they would still have the propensity and desire to be greedy, lustful, prideful, and o there things that go directly against the character of God. Society and our environment do not diet ermine our actions as much as our own inward distorted desires.The root issue is a heart problem m, not one of needing just a â€Å"behavioral adjustment† to correct the actions. When clients co me to counseling because they are struggling with something that is a result of someone else's sin the direction and Ochs is still on their need for a Savior to give them the inner ability to have the e strength, patience, forgiveness, and healing to move forward in their life. Therapist/Client Relationship My role as a therapist, is to lift the fallen, restore the broken, and to heal the h rutting. Am not there to judge or â€Å"pick sides. We were created for relationships. In order for a therapist to have the type of relationship with the client that allows them to challenge the client they need to be perceived as open, attentive, willing to be challenged, a listener, fair, friend lye, firm, and trusting. A great client/ counselor relationship is not totally essential to change occurring in the life of a client, but it is very important. I should be able to empathic with the client, teach them coping mechanisms, and offer a different perspective or insight as to what the e issue might be.The client should not rely on me solely as the fix all to any problem. The there pips assists the client in identifying dysfunctional beliefs. The counselor also discovers alternate dive rules for living for the client. The therapist acts as the teacher and teaches new abilities and skills to the client. The client understands their problem better and practice changing self defeating ways, such as, acting and thinking. In this way, it is important to maintain a truthful, secure, confident relationship between the client and the helper to be effective.The essential o objective is for change to occur; the change could be an environmental change, specific behave viral change, change in thinking identifying and awareness. Strengths and Weaknesses as a Therapist like to think I'm good at seeing the â€Å"big picture. † If you are able to take a step back and look at life this way you don't worry about trivial thin gs as much because you hen realize that they don't matter in the big scheme of things. As a therapist could then be a blew to help teach my clients to do the same. Would teach them to focus on the big picture rather t Han trivial details.One thing that I will have to work on is not giving advice. My friends come to me for advice right now and its really hard to break that habit. I've started to take myself oh t of the situation and offer guidelines that could help them in the situation because don't wan t them to depend on me and the same goes for my future clients. I want to be a Marriage and Fame Ii Therapist and I'm not married, nor do I have a family of my own. Some people could see this as a problem because I don't know specifically know the situation.However do empathic with people and can relate to them in other areas. I would also explain to them then that even if I were married I still wouldn't know the exact situation because every situation is different and unique to that individual. Conclusion My philosophy of counseling beings with the fact that all of humanity has intro NCSC value. The ideal counseling situation would be one where a client is able to see a love Eng relationship dolled between the counselor and the client in such a way that they being t o desire to know more about God.

Psychology experiments Essay

When conducting psychology research, there are several important standards that must be observed in order to protect study participants. Ethics are a set of moral principles used to guide human behaviour. When these guidelines are breached, they become ethical issues. Nowadays the British Psychology Society (BPS) uses a set of ethical guidelines for all psychology experiments to be bound to.  Most ethical problems in human research stem from the participant being typically in as much less powerful position then the experimenter. It follows that steps need to be taken to ensure that the participant is not placed in a powerless and vulnerable position. All participants must have the basic right in experiments to stop their involvement at any given point. Furthermore, they do not have to feel obliged to explain the basis on which they have decided to withdraw if they choose not to, and they may also insist the data they provided during the experiment should be destroyed. Informed consent is also another safeguard taken by psychologists to indicate a formal agreement between the experimenter and study participant.  However the experimental design, eg. field experiment, may not always enable this as it could potentially seriously affect the validity of the results. Yet a precaution used is to debrief participants on the true aim of the study after if has been conducted, in order to justify deception and then to obtain informed consent off the participants once valid results have been produced. A cost-benefit analysis helps weigh up the cost experienced by the participants as a consequence of their involvement in the study, to the social benefit of the results on society. This helps justify many experiments as the outcome of some studies could be of huge beneficial value to society and the cost of participants seems insignificant to the influence it has made outside the study. Despite many ethical guidelines, previous psychological experiments have breeched these, therefore leading to significant ethical issues. In order to compensate for these downfalls, the experimenters can justify them or use techniques after the experiment is over to restore their ethical values. Milgram’s (1974) research on obedience to authority was carried out in the days before most ethical guidelines were in place, however is still regarded unethical. The experiment involved asking participants to administer very strong electric shocks to another participant (although was in fact an experimenter who was involved in the study). The participants were deceived about key aspects of the study, such as the fact that the other person didn’t actually receive any of the shocks the true participant was administering. However you must consider the affect having the participants know about the false shocks would have on the study. The results would be totally invalid as they would not then be measuring the obedience to the participants. They were also deceived in that they believed they were participating in a memory learning experiment, yet really were involved in obedience to authority experiment. This was again necessary to obtain valid results. However this point also raises issues on informed consent, as p’s only gave consent to the fake experiment, not the true one. This was justified by the experimenters by giving all participants a full debrief of the true nature of the experiment after it had been conducted. During this debriefing the p’s were asked for informed consent to the true experiment instead, therefore making up for the lack of informed consent to start. One of the main ethical concerns which arose form this study was the high level of psychological harm caused to the p’s as a direct result of the experiment. Visible signs of distress, nervous behaviour, sweating, uncomfortable laughter, trembling and even seizers were recorded form the participants during the study. This strongly suggests to us that the participants were very effected by their participation in the experiment. Additionally after the experiment they may have been left feeling ashamed, lower self esteem and degrading thoughts of themselves for have acted like they did. However again the debrief at the end reassured that they had not actually harmed anyone and that the electric shocks were false. They were also told that their behaviour was normal and that many others had acted in similar ways. All p’s later received a detailed report on the study to illustrate the significance of their involvement in the study. Over 80% of the p’s said they were glad to have taken part and only 1% expressed negative feelings. Overall despite the cost to the participants, the results produced from this experiment have been invaluable in extending knowledge on obedience. Still years after this experiment was conducted, the study holds massive insight into obedience and remains one of the most influential psychology studies in this area. Thus justified by the cost- benefit analysis.

Health Care Unitization Essay Example

Health Care Unitization Essay Example Health Care Unitization Paper Health Care Unitization Paper 1Health Care Unitization, Health Care Reform Health Care Unitization Paper Health Care Reform By: Sara Robinson University of Phoenix HCS/235 Instructor: Glorinda Pastorius 2Health Care Unitization, Health Care Reform The new health care reform has brought up many questions and concerns among the American people. The health care reform was signed into act 2010 by president Obama. The health care act was put into place because of the ongoing health care crisis in the United States. Later the health care reform act was updated and the new laws were put into place in January of 2014. In this paper I plan to address issues on the new healthcare reform act. Addressing weather the reform act has expanded or inhibited access to health care. How the changes have influenced utilization of care. Give an explanation of what Universal healthcare, if it reflects the healthcare reform and who the stakeholders are in universal healthcare. In this paper I will also discuss the emerging roles in the health care industry. The Healthcare reform act was put into place by President Obama; this law expanded affordable health insurance to millions of he underinsured and uninsured. The positive effects that the healthcare reform are, allowing young adults under the age of 26 to be able to say on their parents/gardens insurance plans, this assists 6. 6 million young adults who are not able to afford insurance. (Consumer Reports, 2013) The Medicare expansion widens the range of coverage to lower income and immigrants that have been in the United States for 5 or more years. (Washington State Health Authratiy, 2014) The healthcare income subsides for lower income individuals and families; this is a tax credit that can assist with the cost of purchasing health insurance. With the new law people can no longer be denied coverage due to preexisting conditions or health, sex or race. (Consumer Reports, 2013) The new law also prohibits the insurance companies form having a lifetime cap on policies that have exceeded the amount the insurance companies want to pay. (Washington State Health Authratiy, 2014) What denial of insurance did to the preexisting conditions and people who had reached their limits was denying 3Health Care Unitization, Health Care Reform the people who needed insurance the most. The debate on whether the new reform is going to be  successful, there are still issues that are holding the middle lower class form abating regular healthcare. One of those issues are the fact that even with the tax credit and lower monthly cost of premiums the high deductible and cost of regular medical care is a deterrent for struggling lower income Americans. The concern is the out of pocket expenses will reflect on a lower incomes person’s ability to receive quality care. (Nunley Fellows, 2008) The smaller companies and businesses are also faced with the choice of lowering the monthly cost and opting for a higher deductible insurance plan. The higher deductible plans means more out of pocket spending, which some incomes cannot afford. (Nunley Fellows, 2008) This means the insurance companies and Medicare will be more focus on reducing the health care cost and spending. The health care reform has influenced the utilization of care by giving greater access to affordable preventive care, lower drug and prescription costs, and better coverage for chronic illness. (AB, et al. , 2003). The number of people that reach out to outpatient facilities has increased by 29% over that past decade; (AB, et al. , 2003) this indicates that the consumers are  looking for a less expensive alternative to the more expensive emergency room visit. There are a greater number of outpatient facilities in rural areas where there is less access to general practitioners and hospitals. The Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act increased investments to the more needy areas where there is less access to healthcare facilities. (Senate, 2010)The 2010 reform act included grants and federal funding to higher education. (Stansfeild, Cross, Hui, 2012) The reason why the grants and funding is a reflection towards the utilization  is it expands the growth of newly educated healthcare workers. 4Health Care Unitization, Health Care Reform Universal health care according to the World wide health organization (WHO) is abatable health care and services that will not cause financial burden to pay for care. (United Nations, 2014) Healthcare coverage in the United States was not reflective of what universal health care stands for. There are still many holes in the health care reform that is not satisfying the Americans need for better healthcare. There are still 45 million (Balaced Politics, 2014)of  uninsured Americans including immigrants. The lower middle class is still unable to afford the high deductibles and premiums costs for quality healthcare. The health care reform is attempting to close the gap between cost and coverage, in due time the issues may be resolved, as for now it is still not fully obtainable for all Americans to afford health insurance. Universal health care is to assist in the education and health of the people who do not have regular access to health care. (United Nations, 2014) The American Public Health Association has been pushing for universal healthcare for  years with not support from the government and general public. (Akhter, 2003 January) Many different Presidents and politicians of the Clinton administration also advocated for universal health care policies even putting in a proposal in 1993 which was later rejected. (Akhter, 2003 January) The low income and middle class are the people who would benefit greatly from having universal healthcare, that would make these people stakeholders in the push for universal healthcare. Emerging health care roles in health care are occupations that cost less and can produce similar results. These occupations are technician jobs or assistant positions. A pharmacy technician makes far less than a pharmacist but can do most of the work under a pharmacist saving a facility or pharmacy thousands a year. (Evans, 2014) Another emerging role is the medical assistant; this job can save the cost by replacing a registered nurse and a clinical 5Health Care Unitization, Health Care Reform receptionist. A medical assistant is trained to preform office filing, billing and can take vitals and prep a patients for a physician’s office. Many of the emerging roles are due to the new healthcare  act; the costs have to be brought down to accommodate the changes in the Medicare and private insurance policies. Healthcare coordinators are also on the rise these jobs are to assist the elderly and disabled to find proper care. (Evans, 2014) As the baby boomer generation is reaching retirement and becoming older the need for more geriatric workers is growing the need for low cost qualified health care. In conclusion although the healthcare reform act has challenged the health care industry it has expanded healthcare by making preventative care more accessible to the lower and middle class  Americans. In addition it extended the inclusion of more prescriptions to Medicare/Medicaid. Enforced the insurance companies to not exclude the chronically ill or preexisting conditions; making insurance accessible to the people who need it the most. The utilization of access to care is not fully addressed in rural areas, but with the health care grants and funding toward education the hopes of the lack of health care workers will be addressed. As for now the United States is moving toward a better healthcare system, but it does not currently reflect the idea of universal  healthcare. Stakeholders for universal healthcare are the advocates towards equality and education. As stated emerging roles in healthcare are pushing toward more technical and assistant jobs that help reduce the cost of health care in accordance to the health care act. 6Health Care Unitization, Health Care Reform References AB, B. , E, H. , AJ, M. , KF, A. , AB, S. , RB. , T. (2003). Health care in America:Trends in utilization. National Center for Health Statistics. Anderson, A. D. (2014). The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on the Health Care Workforce. Washington DC: The Heritage Foundation. Balaced Politics. (2014). Retrieved from Balaced politics. org: balancedpolitics. org/universal_health_care. htm Consumer Reports. (2013, March). Retrieved from Consumer Reports. org: consumerreports. org/cro/2012/06/update-on-health-care-reform/index. htm Evans, M. (2014, 09 20). Modern Healthcare/healthcare reform. Retrieved from Modern healthcare: modernhealthcare. com/article/20140920/MAGAZINE/309209980 Nunley, Fellows, W. H. (2008). Issues facing America: Underinsured patients. AAOS Now. Retrieved from American Academy of Othopedic Surgons. Nunley, M. , Fellows, W. H. (2008). Issues facing America: Underinsured patients. AAOS Now. Retrieved from American Academy of Othopedic Surgons. Stansfeild, P. S. , Cross, N. , Hui, N. (2012). Intoduction to Health Care Professions (Vol. 6th ). United Nations. (2014). World Health orginization. Retrieved from WHO: who. int/universal_health_coverage/en/ 7Health Care Unitization, Health Care Reform Washington State Health Authratiy. (2014). Retrieved from WSA healthcare reform: hca. wa. gov/hcr/Pages/default. aspx

Case Study (Business Research Methods) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case Study (Business Research Methods) - Essay Example Thus, there is no need in explanatory research. There are definite questions Joe has to answer in the process of his research. He has already done a previous research in the Internet and found some articles comparing and discussing taste of coffee from Starbucks, McDonald’s, Dunkin’ Donuts, Burger King and other smaller local coffee shops. However, not all of the studies found by Joe are relevant. The first study done by only one person, who purchased different types of coffee revealing his point of view about their taste and prices, is rather irrelevant. Such kind of information is neither objective nor representational. It cannot be regarded as a serious research after all. Moreover, since McDonald’s was best in this study, it can be claimed that it’s just pro-McDonald’s mini-campaign. The second study on the best-tasting coffee is interesting to read, but does not represent a great value. One and the same type of coffee can be prepared differentl y and, thus, have a different flavor. I think the last study is the most relevant and representational. A sample of 50 interviewed consumers of St. Louis, Missouri represents tastes and preferences of the locals regarding coffee and tea experiences. Joe has to take into account the methods used for the research in considering the coffee taste studies. A point of view is not a study as I have already mentioned above.

MANAGMENT OF HEALTH AND SAFETY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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